Suicide is a leading cause of death, and first responders are at elevated risk compared to the general population. The Three-Step Theory of Suicide (3ST), not yet tested among first responders, proposes that in Step 1 of the theory, the combination of either physical or psychological pain and hopelessness is necessary for the onset of suicidal desire, but little data exists regarding the impact of physical pain, rather than psychological pain. First responders often experience cultural stigma associated with disclosure of psychological symptoms. Thus, physical pain may be more informative from an assessment perspective regarding identifying suicidal desire in first responders. The study aimed to replicate and expand the 3ST by examining both physical and psychological pain in Step 1 within first responders. First responders (n = 204) completed an anonymous online survey assessing physical pain, psychological pain, hopelessness, and suicidal desire.
Moderation analyses using hierarchical multiple regression were used to test study hypotheses. Psychological pain did not moderate the relationship between hopelessness and suicidal desire in first responders. Physical pain produced significant main and interaction effects. Specifically, increasing levels of physical pain strengthened the relationship between hopelessness and suicidal desire. Overall findings support the 3ST and provide evidence for the important role of physical pain in predicting suicidal desire among first responders. Findings highlight the necessity of considering cultural differences, such as stigma associated with psychological symptoms, when testing suicide theory among first responders. Results may inform development of screeners and assessments tailored to first responder populations, which could ultimately lead to improved methods of assessing critical components of first responder health and improved identification of first responders at risk for suicide.
Outline of Studies
Major: Psychology – Clinical
Educational Career: B.S., B.A., University of Utah 2018
Committee in Charge
Committee Chair: David Rozek
Department Committee Member: Deborah Beidel
Department Committee Member: Clint Bowers
Approved for distribution by David Rozek, Committee Chair, on February 11th, 2023.
The public is welcome to attend. Please email Shelby Baker or Dr. David Rozek for the Zoom link.
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