Managed honey bees (Apis mellifera) are critical agricultural pollinators, yet colonies continue to experience persistently high losses across North America and Europe. These declines are driven by interacting stressors, including parasites, pathogens, nutrition, and landscape context. Viral pathogens, in particular, are key contributors to colony morbidity and mortality, but the processes governing variation in viral prevalence, load, and host response …
Biology Department Calendar